The ANA said last October that it had commissioned K2 Intelligence, which was founded by forensic corporate investigators Jules and Jeremy Kroll, to investigate whether US agencies have been accepting rebates from media owners without informing clients and other transparency issues. Rebates are banned in America.

Richard Plansky, executive managing director of K2 Intelligence, said: “From the beginning, this has been a study designed to shed light on certain non-transparent practices in the media-buying landscape — not an investigation or an audit.”‘

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